Table 1 Species of Babesia reported in Dermacentor spp.

Austria

Hodžić et al. [155]

Dermacentor reticulatus (128)

10%

Babesia canis, 9 (7%)

PCR sequencing

Babesia vulpes, 4 (3%)

Austria

Leschnik et al. [161]

D. reticulatus^a (12)

16.7%

B. canis, 2 (16.7%)

PCR sequencing

Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, UK

Sprong et al. [162]

D. reticulatus (1741)

0.9%

B. canis, 16 (0.9%)

PCR sequencing

Belgium, the Netherlands

Jongejan et al. [139]

D. reticulatus (855)

1.9%

B. canis, 14 (1.6%)

PCR sequencing

Babesia caballi, 2 (0.2%)

France

Bonnet et al. [140]

Dermacentor marginatus (377)

0.6%

Babesia bovis, 1 (0.3%)

PCR-RLB for selected Babesia species

Babesia/Theileria spp., 1 (0.3%)

D. reticulatus (74)

0%

-

Germany

Galfsky et al. [50]

D. reticulatus (30)

3.3%

Babesia capreoli, 1 (3.3%)

PCR sequencing

Germany

Silaghi et al. [163]

D. reticulatus (301)

0.3%

B. canis, 1 (0.3%)

PCR sequencing

Hungary

Hornok et al. [164]

D. reticulatus (413)

8.2%

B. canis, 34 (8.2%)

PCR sequencing

Lithuania and Latvia

Radzijevskaja et al. [67]

D. reticulatus (2440)

1.3%

B. canis, 17

PCR sequencing

Babesia venatorum, 1

Poland

Bajer et al. [131]

D. reticulatus (29)

3.4%

B. canis, 1 (3.4%)

PCR sequencing

Poland

Mierzejewska et al. [137]

D. reticulatus (2585)

4.2% (108)

B. canis, 57

PCR sequencing

Babesia microti Munich, 1

Poland

Wojcik-Fatla et al. [165]

D. reticulatus (468)

4.5%

B. microti Munich, 21 (4.5%)

PCR sequencing

Poland

Wojcik-Fatla et al. [74]

D. reticulatus (582)

2.7%

B. microti, 12 (2.1%)

PCR sequencing

B. canis, 4 (0.7%)

Romania

Corduneanu et al. [166]

D. reticulatus (75 in 15 pools)

8% MIR

B. canis, 6 (8% MIR)

PCR sequencing

Russia

Rar et al. [167]

D. reticulatus (81)

3.6%

B. canis, 3 (3.6%)

PCR sequencing

Slovakia

Majláthová et al. [168]

D. reticulatus (326)

36%

B. canis, 5

PCR sequencing

Slovakia

Svehlová et al. [80]

D. reticulatus (600)

1.8%

B. canis, 11 (1.8%)

PCR sequencing

Slovenia

Duh et al. [169]

D. reticulatus (100)

1%

B. canis, 1 (1%)

PCR sequencing

Spain

Garcia-Sanmartin et al. [125]

D. reticulatus (97)

5%

B. canis, 1 (1%)

PCR-RLB

B. caballi, 1 (1%)

B. caballi-like, 2 (2%)

Babesia bigemina, 1 (1%)

Babesia divergens, 2 (2%)

Switzerland

Schaarschmidt et al. [88]

D. reticulatus (23)

39%

B. canis, 9 (39%)

PCR sequencing

Ukraine

Karbowiak et al. [170]

D. reticulatus (205)

3.4%

B. canis, 4

PCR sequencing

Ukraine

Rogovskyy et al. [90]

D. reticulatus (98)

4%

B. canis, 1 (1%)

PCR sequencing

Babesia odocoilei-like, 3 (3%)

USA

Swei et al. [144]

Dermacentor albipictus (471 questing larvae)

7.2%

Babesia duncani (2 strains: WA1 And BH3), 34 (7.2%)

PCR sequencing

China

Abdallah et al. [171]

Dermacentor silvarum (84)

4.8%

Babesia motasi-like, 3 (3.6%)

RLB, PCR sequencing

Babesia sp. Xinjiang, 1 (1.2%)

Mongolia

Battsetseg et al. [153]

Dermacentor nuttalli (108 = 54 pools)

6.5% MIR

B. caballi, 7 (6.5% MIR)

Species-specific PCR