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Table 1 Summary in approximate chronological order of some of the important advances in the development of paratransgenesis in vector insects

From: Overview of paratransgenesis as a strategy to control pathogen transmission by insect vectors

Insect vectors

Transformed microbes used + effector genes

Paratransgenesis innovation

References

Rhodnius prolixus

Rhodococcus rhodnii + thiostrepton resistance

Original technique described

[66]

R. prolixus

R. rhodnii + cecropin A

Killing of Trypanosoma cruzi

[69, 71]

R. prolixus/Triatoma infestans

R. rhodnii/Corynebacterium sp. + AMPs, rDB3 and endoglucanase

Combinations of effector molecules kill T. cruzi

[77, 82]

Anopheles gambiae

Metarhizium anisopliae + scorpine and scorpine fusion protein

Combinations of effector molecules kill Plasmodium

[100]

Anopheles stephensi

Serratia ASI + 5 anti-Plasmodium effector proteins

Combinations of effector molecules kill Plasmodium

[120]

Anopheles gambiae

Microbiome endosymbionts fully identified for the first time

High-throughput sequencing introduced

[132]

R. prolixus

R. rhodnii + rDB3 antibody fragment

Semi-field simulation of transgenic bacteria spread in CRUZIGARD

[73]

Homalodisca vitripennisa

Pantoea agglomeransgfp

Semi-field simulation of transgenic bacteria spread in hydrogel

[128]

An. stephensi/An. gambiae

Asaiagfp

Semi-field simulation of transgenic bacteria spread

[53]

An. stephensi

Serratia AS1-mCherry and AS1-gfp

Semi-field simulation of transgenic bacteria spread

[120]

R. prolixus

R. rhodnii and Gordona rubropertinctus

Model showing negligible risk of horizontal transfer of transgenic bacteria

[133]

An. stephensi

Serratia ASI-gfp + mCheery and kanR genes/+ microbiome in vivo

No horizontal transfer of transgenic bacteria genetic material in vivo

[134, 162]

Anopheles spp.

P. agglomerans

Modelling paratransgensisib

[130]

An. stephensi

Serratia ASI-gfp + mCheery and kanR genes/+ microbiome in vivo

Transiently expressed plasmids for checking environmental safety of released genes

[134]

An. stephensi

Asaia + scorpine

Transgene only expressed after blood meal, thus reducing fitness costs

[126]

R. prolixus

R. rhodnii and Escherichia coli expressing dsRNA

RNAi and knockdown of vector genesc

[74, 111]

Anopheles spp.

Asaia RNaseIII mutant created

Potential for developing an efficient RNAi-based paratransgenesis for vector or parasite gene knockdown

[110, 115]

An. gambiae

CRISPR/Cas9 is a new method of microbe transformation

Potential to transform microbes for paratransgenesis and also mediate gene silencing

[102, 135]

Aedes albopictus

MDVs

miRNA expression system with recombinant MDVs stable for silencing mosquito genes

[90]

  1. dsRNA Double-stranded RNA, gfp   green fluorescent protein, kanR kanamycin resistant, mCherry red fluorescent protein, MDVs mosquito densoviruses, miRNA microRNA, rDB3 antibody fragments (encoding murine VH/K which binds progesterone), RNAi RNA interference
  2. aThe glassy-winged sharpshooter, a hemipteran like the triatomines
  3. bSee also the paratransgenesis modelling paper by Li et al. [136] based on systems of differential equations
  4. cThis will lead to RNA interference-based paratransgenesis; see, for example, Asgari et al. [115]
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Parasites & Vectors

ISSN: 1756-3305

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