Table 1 Overview of environmental variables used in the study and their spatial and temporal resolution
Variable name | Native spatial resolution | Temporal resolution | Data source/reference | Additional description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Digital height model | 25 m | Static | Swisstopo; https://www.swisstopo.admin.ch/en/height-model-dhm25 | |
Annual snow cover | 1 km | Annual | EOC Geoservice; https://geoservice.dlr.de/web/ | |
Swiss population data | NA | Annual | Swiss Federal Statistical Office (Bundesamt für Statistik der Schweiz; https://www.bfs.admin.ch) | Data on population count and density. Values in areas where no people reside were assigned a value of 0 |
Enhanced vegetation index (EVI) | 30 m | Seasonal and annual | Swiss Data Cube https://www.swissdatacube.org/; 2010–2019: https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10/gqw3gn; 2020–2021: https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10/gqwwtk | Analysis-ready earth observation data for Switzerland. Seasonal median (spring, summer, autumn, and winter) or annual data |
Leaf area index (LAI; Boegh et al. [53]) | 30 m | Seasonal and annual | Swiss Data Cube https://www.swissdatacube.org/; 2010–2019: https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10/gqw3gj; 2020–2021: https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10/gqwwtg | Analysis-ready earth observation data for Switzerland. Seasonal median (spring, summer, autumn, and winter) or annual data |
Green chlorophyll index (GCI; Gitelson et al. [54]) | 30 m | Seasonal and annual | Swiss Data Cube https://www.swissdatacube.org/; 2010–2019: https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10/gqxdkd; 2020–2021: https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10/gqwwtf | Analysis-ready earth observation data for Switzerland. Seasonal median (spring, summer, autumn, and winter) or annual data |
Worldwide population data | 1 km | Annual | CIESIN [85]; https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.7927/H49C6VHW | Gridded population of the world |
Human footprint | 1 km | Annual | Mu et al. [86]; https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.6084/m9.figshare.16571064 | Annual terrestrial human footprint data |
Global travel time to cities | 1 km | 2015 | Nelson et al. [87]; https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.6084/m9.figshare.7638134.v3 | Global accessibility indicators for travel time to cities. Pixel values indicating travel time in minutes from each pixel to the nearest settlement across different settlement classes (e.g., \(\ge\)5000 and <10,000 people) |
Monthly precipitation (RhiresM) | 1 km | Monthly | MeteoSwiss; https://www.meteoschweiz.admin.ch; data are not publicly accessible | |
Monthly relative sunshine duration (SrelM) | 1 km | Monthly | MeteoSwiss; https://www.meteoschweiz.admin.ch; data are not publicly accessible | |
Monthly mean temperature (TabsM) | 1 km | Monthly | MeteoSwiss; https://www.meteoschweiz.admin.ch; data are not publicly accessible | |
CORINE land-cover | NA | 2018 | European Environment Agency (EEA), 2018 [88] | 44 Distinct land-cover classes for Europe as polygon data |
Swiss land-cover | NA | 2018 | Swiss Federal Statistics Office; www.bfs.admin.ch | Contains 72 land-cover classes |
Swiss forest composition | 10 m | 2018 | Swiss federal authorities; http://data.geo.admin.ch/ch.bafu.landesforstinventar-waldmischungsgrad/Waldmischungsgrad_2018_10m_2056.tif | Proportion of deciduous trees within the forested areas |
Global forest fraction | 1 km | Annual | Winkler et al. [89]; https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1594/PANGAEA.921846 | |
Global cropland data | 1 km | Annual | Cao et al. [90] | Proportion of cropland by year |
Roe deer data | 1 km | 2014 | Alexander et al. [55]; https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.6084/m9.figshare.1008335.v1 | Distribution of roe deer in Europe |