Fig. 3

Mean concentration of the IgG response to Anopheles gambiae salivary proteins by village. Participants were grouped by village (n = 10), and the mean IgG level against An. gambiae SGE was calculated using individual IgG levels in each village. In these villages, cotton farmers used only chemical compounds (synthetic pesticides) such as carbamates, organophosphates, pyrethroids, and others to control cotton pests